The ideal abattoir operation uses the line-slaughter system. “Line slaughter” entails hoisting up the carcass at an early stage, preferably beginning with the bleeding. All subsequent slaughtering and dressing procedures are carried out with the carcass suspended on and moving along an overhead rail (or line). Line slaughter is suitable for bovines, small ruminants and pigs.
This method is in stark contrast to the booth-slaughter system common in the past. In the booth system, abattoirs or slaughter spaces are divided into many spots (“booths”), which allow for the simultaneous slaughtering of a certain number of animals (“batch”). A team of men attends each slaughtering spot. The animals in a batch are each taken to a defined floor area, slaughtered and dressed in that spot. The simultaneous slaughtering often creates congested conditions and hygienic problems. The equipment is typically limited, in some places only a knife and axe are used while others have hoists for lifting the carcasses. Skinning cradles for flaying are used with cattle, and they help keep the carcasses from floor contact.
Batch slaughter also remains a frequently used system in APHCA-member countries, especially for large ruminants. The old central abattoirs still in use were designed for this system and have not converted their 50-year-old technology. But even some relatively new medium-sized municipal or private abattoirs were designed for batch slaughter because it is cheap to construct compared with a line-slaughter facility. In some places, slaughter personnel who have long used the batch practice have been adamant in maintaining their traditional way and have refused to use the modern slaughter lines. Part of the problem has been that, in some cases, the newer line-slaughter system was not properly designed and thus difficult to operate. Such inadequate installations were abandoned by the workers who returned to the booth- or batch-slaughter systems.
In very small slaughter operations where the line system is not warranted, the principle of booth slaughter is acceptable and widely applied. In small-scale conditions, the slaughtering and dressing of animals on the same spot can be done hygienically if the necessary equipment, such as hoists and skinning cradles, are used together with an overhead railing to facilitate the dispatching of the carcasses. This refers in particular to large and small ruminants. For pigs, due to the need for scalding, a slightly different system has to be applied (see page 31).
Small ruminants for Slaughterhouse Systems, at least those breeds that are short-haired (most tropical breeds), can be hygienically slaughtered even in field or small-scale conditions. In the simplest case, the bleeding is done on the ground on a cover of banana leaves, on a table (Fig. 71) or something similar. Then a rack with standard hooks or gambrels (hanger-like hooks) is used to keep the carcass in a vertical position off the ground for skinning and eviscerating (Fig. 16 and Annex A5). The branch of a tree may be sufficient for slaughtering on a farm premise (Fig.17).
Small ruminants’ skin, such as sheep skin, is usually firmly attached to the carcass and is usually not easy to manually pull off. The use of a knife is prohibited because of the risk of skin damage or damaging the superficial fascia (a fine membrane that improves carcass appearance and reduces surface shrinkage). Thus, it often requires the butcher to punch his fist forcefully between the skin and the carcass surface to detach the skin (“fisting”). Fisting is hygienically critical: The butchers must take care to frequently wash their hands and arms and not touch the dirty outside of the animal’s skin while removing the skin this way. A proposed solution to fisting is the use of compressed air; a compressed air pipe is introduced between the skin and carcass surface and the air pressure gradually detaches the skin. The air must pass through a filter in order to reduce the micro-organisms present in the air, which otherwise can constitute a source of contamination.
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